Many methods of massage and somatic therapies are both effective and safe during the pre-natal and postpardum periods of women's pregnancies. Prenatally, specific techniques can reduce pregnancy discomforts and concerns and enhance the physiological and emotional well-being of both mother and fetus. In the postpartum period, specialized techniques rebalance structure, physiology, and emotions of the new mother and may help her to bond with and care for her infant. Many practitioners require referrals from physicians prior to therapy.